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Grand Prix 2 cheats / Grand Prix 2 hints / Grand Prix 2 faqs / Grand Prix 2 solutions Grand Prix 2 hints Maintained by Frits 'Nijlie' Lucas and Eric Alexander ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- On this page you can find lots of information on how to set up your car. Please note that we do NOT supply fixed setups or setup files. Why? Because these are not very usefull! Because everyone has a different driving style and uses different controls and help options, supplying fixed setups is meaningless. What we supply you with is PROFESSIONAL advice on how to set up your car for races, in general! So now you too can create your own optimal setup and show off with it. :) Also, we give you some hints & tips on how to perform on the different circuits quickly. 1. Ayrton Senna's way to set up your car 2. Alain Prost's way to set up your car 3. Frits' way to quickly set up for a (new) circuit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following is from Ayrton Senna's book, 'Principles of Race Driving', published by Hazleton Publishing. "In motor racing, including Formula 1, you must always reach a compromise between the various settings which affect the performance of the car. There is no clearly defined procedure that will allow you to find the most effective set-up in a scientific and dependable way. Even experiance, fundamental and necessary as it is, can have it's limitations as each situation is new and different. A small change in temperature, a little more rubber on the track, or a few bumps which weren't there before can be enough to create a new situation. A good test driver must know the areas of the car that can be modified in order to enhance performance, because one day he will have to call on those skills. These changes are substantially of two kinds: mechanical and aerodynamic. Until wings appeared at the end on the sixties the posible adjustments were mechanical. Today aerodynamics are of predominant importance and it is here that most development takes place. In order to have a good aerodynamic set-up, you have to start from a sound mechanical base. This is why you set up the car Mechanically on the slow bends first, then aerodynamically on the fast ones, before coming back to consider the mechanical settings in relation to the new aerodynamic set-up and adjust the wings for the slow corners which, as we have seen, are rarely taken at less than 120km/h, the speed at which you begin to feel the aerodynamic effects. The mechanical parts on which the engineers work are the suspension... and the ride height. As far as the suspension is concerned, they alter the stiffness of the springs, the settings of the shock absorbers, the size and material of the bump-stops, the size of the anti-roll bars, and the angles of the wheels and the suspension, such as the camber, toe-in and toe-out, and castor. Alterations to the springs, shock absorbers, bump-stops and roll bars are meant to regulate the way the car handles, and thus the load each wheel must bear. Nowadays we do a lot of work on the bump stops, while pre-loading of the springs was given up on about three years ago. Given the limited travel of a Formula 1 suspension, we work above all on the bump stops, which regulate movement of the suspension once it has reached the end of it's travel. With soft bump stops, the suspension will harden progressively, while harder bump stops will load the wheels less. Changes to the ride height alter the load brought to bear on the front and rear axles. Raising the front end of the car, for example, will reduce the load on the front wheels and increase that on the rear when you need to cure oversteer. But the increase in ground clearance means that more air will pass underneath the car and ground effect will therefore be less efficient. This example shows how important it is, when working on a Formula 1 car, to reach a compromise, objectively weighing up all the pros and cons. Aerodynamic alterations are limited to changing the angle of inclination of the front and rear wings (when it is increased the wheels are loaded more heavily), or modifying their shape and profile. The working principle is very simple, but there are many variables that a driver cannot hope to master the subject and has to rely on the aerodynamicist in the team. Aerodynamics offers a two-edged sword: more wing provides increased grip in the corners but means more drag on the straights and thus less speed. As ever, you have to judge each situation on it's merits. At Monza, for example, a lot of downforce allows us to take the two Lesmo corners and the Parabolica faster, but costs us quite a lot of speed on the straight. In the case of oversteer the car will have to generally have to be softened at the rear to increase the load on the rear wheels. It is also possible to on the settings for springs, dampers and front roll bar, hardening them, so as to lessen the grip on the front tyres and balance the two ends. In the case of understeer, the opposite will be done. Soften the front end and, if necessary, stiffen the rear. As far as aerodynamic adjustments are concerned, in the case of oversteer, you have to increase downforce at the rear and decrease it at the front; the opposite applies if the car is understeering." A Formula 1 driver has the task of choosing the right gear ratios to match the length and characteristics of the circuit. The idea is to find the ratio which will allow you to complete a full length of a bend without having to make a further gearchange, which would be a risk if the car is heavily loaded, and would in any case, be a waste of time. Thus the driver must select the ratio which suits the bend perfectly, finding a compromise if the circuits characteristics make it necessary. For example, having sorted out three-quarters of the track, we come to a bend where, if we take it in a certain gear, say third, we are forced to change up to fourth before it is completed... It is a risky situation which, on the other hand, gives us more stability and increased acceleration leading to the next gearchange. However, to take the bend in fourth, something you must always try, means that when we want to accelerate we will find the engine at low revs and thus less torque. The disadvantages are a loss of time in acceleration, less stability while taking the bend, and less engine braking while braking. The advantage is the car enters and exits the bend at higher speed, even if it takes longer to pick the revs up. If you cannot make alterations because the rest of the circuit is all right, you have to be guided, as always, by the clock, choosing the solution which costs you the least time over a complete lap, bearing in mind that the longer ratio helps the engine's reliability and always guarantees a higher exit speed. You start by settling which ratio will allow you to achieve full revs at the end of the main straight. It is important this ratio accurately because a reduction of 200 revs at maximum speed results in a significant loss of time. Once it is settled, you work downwards, seeking the right ratio for every bend. The only proviso to bear in mind is that the drop in revs as you change up from one gear to the next should be progressively reduced as you work your way up through the gearbox. This is because the longer ratios used at high speed will not allow the revs to rise as quickly as the shorter ones. This is why it is easier to find the right gear in the case of a bend that is taken at moderate speed: if you have to shorten a ratio in order to exit a bend faster, it is best if it is first or second gear. The choice of first gear - which is used to take off at the start and is then used in the tight bends such as hairpins - is also important. If there are no hairpins then the choice of first gear depends solely on the start and, once chosen, taking into account the characteristics of the engine and the driver's preferences, it can be retained for all the races where the starting grid has the same features. Ratios are often altered between qualifiying and the race, because the cars performance will be reduced and will be heavier, with the tanks full of fuel; ratios are also changed if the wind increases, and they can also be lengthened if the driver is not starting from the first two rows and the track allows slipstreaming: in this way we have more speed than out adversaries at the end of the straights and will be able to overtake them more easily." Ayrton Senna Foundation Hazleton Publishng: Richmond Hill, Richmond, Surrey TW10 6RE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- The following is from Alain Prost's book, 'Competition Driving', published by Hazleton Publishing. VARIOUS ADJUSTMENTS-DYNAMIC SETTINGS This covers two subjects which are at the same time distinct yet closely interconnected: aerodynamic and mechanical adjustments. The first apply to everything which affects the airflow over the car: the front wing, the single- or double-plane rear wing, trim tabs and bodywork. Beyond such aerodynamic aids, these adjustments also take into account the way the car sits on the road, whether it is raised or lowered at the front, for example. There are two ways of calculating the correct level of what is known as 'downforce'. It is best first to balance to car. You don't want it to grip at the front but not at the rear, or vice-versa. Secondly, it is necessary to adjust the whole car according to the nature of the circuit, all the time bearing in mind the balance front to rear. The more downforce you put on the car, the better it holds the road, but the slower it will be in a straight line. Alternatively, reduce the downforce and the car will be less efficient in corners, but quicker on the straight. Once again, it is necessary to find a suitable compremise, as you can't hope to have the best of both worlds. Aerodynamics represent a vital part of modern racing. The concept first appeared in the late Sixties, and it has had a profound effect on the sport ever since. Mechanical adjustments take into account all the suspension components: springs, dampers, bump-stops and anti-roll bars. This has always been a classic part of race car tuning. In spite of it's importance, it has rather been overtaken in recent years by aerodynamic influences, the more so since speeds have become higher and higher. Put simply, such mechanical adjustments are still critical to a certain point. Generally, problems occuring at around 60-75 mph can be dialled out through suspension tuning. Any faster, and the solution will probably lie in an aerodynamic adjustment. To a degree, you can also camouflage the effects of inadequate suspension settings by having the car aerodynamically perfect. But while a mistake with aerodynamic set-up will carry virtually no penalty at low speed, you cannot hope to correct such a proplem at high speed by adjusting the suspension. WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT UNDERSTEER? If a car understeers too much, that is it lacks frontal grip, there are several possible remedial adjustments. MECHANICAL: Excessive understeer could be a result of having the front springs, dampers and/orr anti-roll bar set too hard, or alternatively the rear springs, dampers and/or anti-roll bar set too soft. AERODYNAMIC: Understeer in a fast corner might be the result of in sufficient frontal downforce, or possible too much rear downforce. The same effect can be produced by running the car too high at the front/too low at the rear, as that also affects the airflow around the bodywork. AND OVERSTEER? If a car has a tendency to oversteer, that is for the rear tyres to break away prematurely, you have to draw a distinction between fast and slow corners. Then follow the same rules as you would to counter an understeer problem (i.e. adjustments to suspension, aerodynamics or tyres), albeit the other way round (so you might add downforce to the rear wing to counter fast-corner oversteer). It can happen that no amount of fine tuning will rid the car of it's basic oversteering or understeer attitude. In that case, it's a good idea deliberatly to reduce the efficiency of one part of the car in favour or the other, to see if it makes it any easier to drive. So, in the case of execessive understeer, you might reduce the level of rear-end grip. In the end, the stop-watch is more likely than the driver to decide the best compromise. While setting up a car during test sessions, a driver must also check his brake balance regularly, make wholesale adjustments if it rains and adapt gear ratios to suit the different layout of each circuit. BRAKE BALANCE Weight transfer under braking puts more strain on the front of the car, so it is always best to have more brake bias at the front than at the rear. ...As soon as the front wheels start to feel the effects of the brakes, the ideal is to have the rear wheels just starting to slow down. At all costs, you should avoid having the rear wheels braking before the fronts. It's acceptable to have them braking at the same time. Then, you should just increase the frontal bias by a couple of notches. ...If the rear wheels lock up... the car becomes unstable. It tries to wriggle around and might go sideways. Finally, perfect brake balance at modest speed won't necessarily be as effective at higher speeds, as aerodynamic downforce and weight distribution will be affected. In this case, it is naturally better to ensure that the car is set up to favour high-speed deceleration. GEARING In motor sport, a gearbox can be taken apart in a matter of minutes. It is therefore simple to adjust the gearing to suit the nature of the circuit you are lapping. TOP GEAR: This is the ratio which will be used on the fastest parts of the circuit. It should therefore allow the engine to operate at the top of the power curve. Thus the ratio you might use at a circuit where top speed is 125 mph is markedly different to that you would use when traveling at 175 mph. If maximum power is at 9000 rpm, you don't want to be at either 8500 rpm or 9500 rpm when travelling flat out. In the first instance, the driver has his foot hard down but there are no more revs available. Top gear (fifth or sixth, depending on the type of gearbox) is thus too long and needs to be shortened by 500 rpm so that the engine can operate at it's 9000 rpm peak. In the second, top gear is too short, and the driver will eventually over-rev the engine without the car being able to go any faster. And unless he has a rev-limiter fitted it might just blow up... The minimum difference between two gear cogs should be around 200-300 rpm, which isn't much. The driver thus has to take several other things into account when selecting his top gear: the strength and direction of the wind can change from one day to the next: the likelihood of slipstreaming, which is more common in the race, when cars are together, than it is in qualifying: whether or not you are running on full tanks, which constitutes a weight disadvantage: the aerodynamic set-up of the car which affects straightline speed: the favorable (or not) slope on the main straights (in which case you concentrate on the uphill parts, lifting off if need be on the downhill stretch). So you can see why mechanics often change the gear ratios in between qualifying and racing. FIRST GEAR: First gear is sometimes used for a peticularly tight corner - such as a hairpin - but generally circuit speeds are so high that it is never used once the race is under way. Thus you choose first gear purely for the start of the race. If the start/finish straight is flat, you will use the same ratio from one circuit to the next. But if the start is on a slight incline it is better to use a shorter ratio, and similarly to use a longer one if the grid faces downhill. CHOOSING OTHER GEARS: The best gear in which to take a given corner is one you can hold all the way through. It is important that the driver not have to change gear before the exit, or even just after. Ideally, the driver should hold one gear all the way through a corner and attain peak power in the first few yards of the subsequent straight: thus you change up when the car is totally stable. THE SPACING OF THE INTERMEDIATE GEARS: Generally, the gearing should be as close as possible, and there shouldn't be any 'gaps' between ratios, so that the engine remains in the operation between its maximum torque and peak power. If the peticular nature of a circuit necessitates lengthening - or shortening - a ratio to the detriment of the ideal balance, it's least damaging in the lower gears, as the car is travelling more slowly when you shift from second to third than when you go from fifth to sixth. Any compromise should be directed therefore at the lower gears, but given the choice between 'too short' and 'too long' you should always go for the second: that will be less wearing on the engine, and will allow you to corner more quickly as you won't be slowed either by an over-revving engine or the need to change gear in mid-corner. ANALYSING A CARS RESPONSES-THE MAIN POINTS Before looking at how a driver should analyse the responses and handling of his car, it is worth recalling some of the principles which usually govern test sessions. Concerning the car first of all, it will behave very differently depending on whether it's on a public road or a circuit. In the first case, you're looking for manageability and sharp reactions, i.e. a responsive front end with a tendency to oversteer. In the second, you're after high-speed stability and good traction coming out of bends, in other words an effective rear end promoting natural understeer. In this pursuit of perfect handling, it is essential to take a look at the behavior and style of the driver himself. You can divide drivers into just two groups. The first contains those who like a cars to oversteer: you'll find here all those who turn in and accelerate late, hurl their car onto the racing line to make it slide, then control it via the throttle and opposite lock. The second group prefer an understeering car: generally, they turn in and get on the power early, ease gently onto the racing line and do their best to stop the car sliding. So perhaps you can see how two cars' belonging to the same team, might be set up very differently at the same circuit in accordance with the different styles of two drivers. And it's thus unsuprising that one driver should be slower than the other after an impromptu car swap. ANALYSIS OF A CORNER In addition to the simple distinction between fast and slow corners, it is worthwhile looking in detail at a car's reactions through each of the three parts comprising any bend. For this, we'll discribe the behaviour of a typical (i.e. rear-wheel-drive) circuit racer. Many of the points are also common to front- and four-wheel-drive cars in other events. ENTRY: At the entry to a slow corner, the car is decelerating, and all the wieght is transferred to the front. The problem is to get the car swiftly onto the racing line. The driver should pay attention to several responses: 'Will it go where the steering wheel tells it to? Isn't it feeling a little sluggish?' Entering a fast corner, the car will be accelerating. It shouldn't be committed too sharply to the racing line, nor should there be too much understeer. 'How will it turn in? Is there more or less grip at the front than there was during the last few laps, before I pitted to adjust the suspension?' MID CORNER: In the middle of a slow corner, the throttle can influence the behavior of the rear wheels in a number of ways. The driver can wait a little longer before accelerating; he can also apply either light or heavy pressure to the pedal. Whatever, he will be able to assess the instability of the rear end. 'Is it sliding a little, a lot or far too much?' In the middle of a quick corner, the weight is transfered to the outside of the car, and with the power already on hard you have to be able to detect the state of the cars balance. 'Are all four wheels sliding? Or is it just the fronts? Is there enough lateral grip? Is the rear end breaking away too much?' EXIT: At the exit of a slow corner, under hard acceleration, the main problem could be poor traction, if the weight transfer to the rear wheels is in some way deficient. 'Is the inside rear wheel spinning? Is the rear end breaking away at all?' At the exit of a quick corner, the driver should notice gentle understeer, which he can induce via a gentle movement of the throttle pedal. 'Is the car understeering too much? Will it snap into oversteer if I lift off?' THE INFLUENCE OF THE DRIVER To analyse correctly a car's reactions, you have to bear in mind the manner in which it is being driven. Remember that a skilled driver will be able to provoke the same car into either oversteer or understeer in the same corner, simply by changing his driving technique. So, aside from your own driving style, which you should preserve at all costs, you must consider a whole series of small mistakes which might affect a car's behaviour. And that can lead to incorrect adjustments in the pits, the product of decisions made on false premiss. So, during the first few laps of a circuit, at the start of a test session, it isn't unusual to brake too soon for a corner, to find yourself going slowly as you turn in and thus to accelerate prematurely: the car will understeer on the exit as a result... Conversely, a spirited driver has a natural predilection for late braking which endows him with a certain harshness at the wheel and obliges him to accelerate relatively late in the corner: there is thus a strong likelihood of oversteer in mid-corner... These driving styles are clumsy and if the driver doesn't pull his socks up he will pit and demand unsuitable adjustments, having mixed up cause and effect... In conclusion, a good driver will analyse his car's reactions accurately if he is aware of his own precision, or lack of it: did he turn the wheel too early or too late, gently or forcibly? Did he release the brake pedal before or after the turn-in point? Was he progressive or brutal on the throttle? Did he regain control early or late? HOW A YOUNG DRIVER SHOULD MAKE ADJUSTMENTS To start with, the first thing a beginner should do, as far as setting up his car is concerned, is to complete as many laps as possible without worring about other drivers. He must try to learn all about the car, systematically changing key components to see how they affect it: try a different anti-roll bar, softer then harder springs, adjust the aerodynamic downforce, that sort of thing. Even in the junior formulae, driving skill alone is not enough, so you must know how to get the most from your chassis. At that level, you can probably gain a second per lap through skilful driving, but loose three times as much by setting the car up incorrectly. Before even thinking about modifying a car's set-up, I find it essential to establish exactly how much aerodynamic downforce it needs. You can't touch the suspension without having this information to hand. You will need more or less downforce depending on whether the circuit is fast or slow. This is something that becomes easier to determine with experience, on the part of both the engineer who designed the car and, in peticular, the driver. You should know after two or three laps whether or not you're running enough, and to avoid possible mistakes it's better to opt for too much than not enough. In my opinion, aerodynamic downforce is the hub of setting up the car. Once you've got that right, you can work on the rest. If you go the other way, you'll be all at sea. If a driver hasn't found a good aerodynamic set-up for the car, he'll be banging his head against a brick wall no matter what he changes (springs, roll bars, dampers). So you must be absolutely sure that your aerodynamics are sound before all else: firstly as far as downforce is concerned, and then brake balance, to make sure that you've neither too much understeer nor too much oversteer. Only then can you start to consider adjustments to anything else. Hazleton Publishing, 3 Richmond Hill, Richmond, Surrey TW10 6RE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Here is my (Frits') way to perform well on (new) circuits quickly As you may have seen, I drove a 1:19 at Estoril. But what you didn't know is that it took me only 2 hours to get a 1:20 time, without ever having practised on Estoril before! So how did I do it? Easily, and the same goes for all other tracks! I start off with max back wing and 75% front wing, get used to the track, and every few laps I reduce the back wing setting (and matching the front wing of course) until I don't feel comfortable driving around the track anymore. You should always keep some front wing however, to prevent understeer. Now, lower the car's front and back ride height so you're touching the ground a few times in a lap. You'll see this on the little car in the right hand lower corner of your cockpit. Also, you'll hear a rumbling noise. You'll notice now that you can go faster through the curves, which in turn means you can lower the back wing (and possibly the front wing) a little, which means you'll be getting higher speeds and better lap times again. From here on, things get more difficult. You should check out the rest of this page for information on how to proceed. Anyway, you'll be driving GOOD laps in NO time without much setup trouble! I hope this helps all those people among you (I think most!) who don't want to bother with setups because it's difficult or takes up too much time. I'm not a setup expert by far yet, but as you can see it is possible to make good lap t imes anyway. Enjoy! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- If you feel like writing me, for whatever reason :), don't hesitate and e-mail me at flucas@worldonline.nl Please write to me in English or Dutch, that will help me to understand you better! :) Copyright ù 1997 Frits Lucas Other Grand Prix 2 cheats hints faqs solutions: 1. Grand Prix 2 cheat codes 2. Grand Prix 2 cheat codes 2. Grand Prix 2 hints 1. Grand Prix 2 faq and solutions 2. Grand Prix 2 faq and solutions |